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East Asia in Transition: Geopolitics, Culture, and Controversy in May 2025

General Report May 21, 2025
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  • As of May 21, 2025, East Asia finds itself navigating a complex landscape shaped by evolving diplomatic alignments, domestic controversies, and a resurgence of cultural heritage through technological advancements. The intricate relationships among China, Japan, and South Korea have been marked by both cooperation and discord, particularly highlighted by territorial disputes such as those surrounding the Dokdo or Takeshima Islands, as well as tensions regarding Chinese maritime activities. While South Korea and China engage in dialogues aimed at conflict resolution, the diplomatic environment remains fraught with challenges that require careful management.

  • The partnership between China and Russia has strengthened, characterized by a 'no-limits' friendship that promotes economic collaboration and mutual strategic interests in the face of Western hegemony. As both nations commemorate historical narratives of World War II together, Xi Jinping and Vladimir Putin utilize these shared stories to bolster national pride and geopolitical strategy, showcasing their unity against perceived external threats. At the same time, China's relationship with North Korea continues to be a balancing act, with Beijing supporting its ally while pursuing regional stability, particularly concerning North Korea's nuclear ambitions.

  • In South Korea, the recent controversy surrounding the sale of merchandise featuring former dictator Chun Doo-hwan has sparked public outrage, revealing deep-seated sensitivities regarding historical memory and national identity. The reaction from activists calling for respect and recognition of historical traumas reflects a broader civic engagement that could have implications for the political landscape and diplomatic relations. Moreover, the ongoing efforts to commemorate history resonate with the populace as they approach upcoming elections, making the interplay of memory and politics particularly salient.

  • Simultaneously, China is harnessing digital technologies to revive its rich cultural heritage, evident through various initiatives like the launch of a Sanxingdui-themed tourist train and significant archaeological discoveries that deepen the public's appreciation for their ancient past. In South Korea, the art of jinjang and the dedication of artisans like Ki Soon-do signify a growing commitment to preserve traditional craftsmanship amidst modern challenges. These cultural revitalization efforts highlight the role of innovation in fostering identity and soft power, further illustrating that while East Asia grapples with geopolitical tensions, a concerted emphasis on heritage and technological advancement is paving the way for a more interconnected future.

Navigating Northeast Asian Diplomacy

  • Current status of China–Japan–South Korea relations

  • As of May 21, 2025, the relations among China, Japan, and South Korea have exhibited a complex interplay defined by territorial disputes and economic interdependencies. Recent developments have highlighted tensions surrounding the contested ownership of the Dokdo or Takeshima Islands between South Korea and Japan, coupled with China's incursion into overlapping maritime territories in the Yellow Sea. The installation of Chinese aquaculture facilities in the Provisional Measures Zone has further exacerbated the diplomatic strains between Korea and China, prompting calls for dialogue to resolve these longstanding issues. In a notable meeting held on April 23, 2025, representatives from China and South Korea engaged in discussions aiming for potential conflict resolution, signaling a cautious optimism for easing tensions in the region.

  • Despite these disputes, strategic dialogues are ongoing, with South Korea actively pursuing enhanced cooperative frameworks with both China and Japan, recognizing their critical roles as neighbors amid global uncertainties. High-level exchanges continue, focusing on security, trade, and cultural relations, reinforcing the notion that although tensions exist, a mutual interest in stability and economic growth persists.

  • China’s evolving partnership with Russia and North Korea

  • The partnership between China and Russia, as articulated in recent dialogues, is characterized by a 'no-limits' friendship that contrasts sharply with the past rivalries between the two nations. This evolving relationship, underscored by increased economic cooperation and joint efforts against Western hegemony, reflects a strategic alignment that seeks to sustain a multipolar global order amidst rising geopolitical tensions. Concurrently, China's relationship with North Korea remains anchored in historical ties but is complicated by contemporary security concerns, notably North Korea's nuclear ambitions.

  • As of May 2025, Beijing's approach toward Pyongyang balances support for its ally with a commitment to regional stability. Efforts to denuclearize the Korean Peninsula continue to be at the forefront of China's foreign policy, demonstrating its dual role as both a patron of North Korea and a regional stabilizer. Recent shifts within the region, including North Korea's military collaborations with Russia, pose new challenges for China, necessitating careful diplomatic maneuvering to maintain its strategic interests without aggravating tensions with South Korea or Japan.

  • Xi and Putin’s contest over historical narratives

  • The narrative surrounding historical events has become a powerful tool for both Xi Jinping and Vladimir Putin in shaping national identity and geopolitical strategy. Both leaders emphasize the pivotal roles of China and Russia in World War II and their ongoing commitment to portraying a unified historical narrative that highlights their countries as essential victors against fascism. This narrative serves not only as a means to foster national pride but also as a political instrument in their respective domestic and international agendas.

  • As recent commemorative events have shown, Xi and Putin utilize history to justify contemporary alliances and to counter perceived threats from Western narratives that challenge their versions of the past. This shared focus on controlling historical discourse illustrates the depth of cooperation between China and Russia, yet it also underscores the complex historical legacies that each leader must navigate. As they continue to build this historical narrative, both countries aim to solidify their geopolitical standing while promoting an alternative vision to the current international order marked by Western influence.

Domestic Controversies and Regional Impact

  • Taobao’s sale of Chun Doo-hwan merchandise

  • In recent days, controversy has erupted in South Korea due to the online platform Taobao, operated by China's Alibaba Group, selling merchandise featuring the face of former military dictator Chun Doo-hwan. This merchandise has sparked significant outrage among South Korean citizens and activists. On May 20, 2025, prominent civic activist Seo Kyoung-duk publicly criticized Taobao, demanding that the company discontinue the sale of these items which include T-shirts, hoodies, and bags, all emblazoned with Chun’s portrait. Professor Seo emphasized that the image used is taken from Chun’s inauguration in 1979, following his violent crackdown on the pro-democracy movement during the Gwangju Uprising in 1980, where numerous civilians lost their lives. Seo conveyed in a Facebook post that selling such products is disrespectful to the victims' families and an affront to the country's painful historical narrative. He stated, "It is unacceptable to mock the painful history of another country, especially for profit, " reinforcing the emotional weight surrounding this issue for South Koreans. The use of Chun’s image in merchandise not only inflames historical sensitivities but also indicates a lack of awareness and respect from Chinese sellers regarding the traumatic legacy of Chun’s dictatorship. The incident marks a continuation of tensions ignited by Chinese representations of historically charged figures linked to the struggles for democracy in Korea, further complicating bilateral relations. The call for action against Taobao reflects a broader civic sentiment in South Korea advocating for historical recognition and sensitivity within cultural commerce.

  • South Korean civic backlash and diplomatic ripples

  • The backlash against Taobao’s sale of merchandise linked to Chun Doo-hwan underscored a renewed wave of civic activism in South Korea, with many citizens voicing their discontent over this perceived commercialization of a contentious historical figure. This incident has not only fueled domestic outrage but may also have diplomatic repercussions. Critics argue that China’s continued engagement with symbols like Chun’s image reflects a troubling disregard for South Korea's historical context, particularly regarding the events surrounding the Gwangju Uprising. Such actions have the potential to exacerbate existing strains in Korea–China relations, which have seen a mix of cooperation and tension in recent years. Critics worry that without sensitivity to historical pain, actions like those taken by Taobao risk alienating the populace in South Korea and could lead to broader calls for boycotts of Chinese products. Moreover, movements led by activists like Seo Kyoung-duk can influence political discourse in South Korea, particularly as the country approaches upcoming elections. The handling of controversial figures like Chun becomes a litmus test for candidates who must navigate these complex historical narratives in their platforms. Thus, the consequences of Taobao’s merchandise issue may resonate beyond mere consumer backlash, potentially impacting diplomatic relations and the political landscape within South Korea.

Reviving Cultural Heritage through Technology

  • Digital tech’s role in Sichuan cultural revival

  • In May 2025, Sichuan province is actively leveraging digital technology to rejuvenate its cultural heritage. This initiative follows a successful demonstration during the recent Spring Festival, where digital channels played a critical role in attracting 63.72 million tourists, generating revenue of about 34.78 billion yuan ($4.8 billion). The province has adopted a 'culture-plus-technology' approach, where artificial intelligence and advanced digital interfaces are utilized to enhance the experiences at cultural sites like the Sanxingdui Museum. For instance, the application of 3D holography and AI in the museum's exhibition halls has allowed visitors to view ancient relics with unprecedented clarity and context, thereby enticing over 3.23 million tourists to explore its offerings.

  • Sichuan's commitment to digitalization extends to various projects that aim to immerse visitors in the region's rich history. An example is the digital experience center focused on Taoist culture at Mount Qingcheng-Dujiangyan, where mixed reality technology recreates historical scenes significant to the establishment of Taoism. Such innovations not only showcase Sichuan's past but also enhance visitor engagement, making cultural education both informative and entertaining.

  • Launch of the Sanxingdui-themed tourist train

  • On May 18, 2025, Sichuan launched a Sanxingdui-themed tourist train, marking a new milestone in its cultural tourism strategies. This train connects the Chengdu East Railway Station to the renowned Sanxingdui Ruins, providing a daily service that emphasizes the historical and cultural significance of the site. With the capacity to carry up to 30, 000 passengers daily, this initiative aims to provide travelers with an immersive experience that integrates travel with cultural education.

  • The train's design features bronze motifs reminiscent of artifacts from the Sanxingdui site, and onboard guides share insights into the historical context surrounding the Shu Kingdom and its artifacts. Initial passenger feedback has been overwhelmingly positive, with many noting that the aesthetic details of the train and the informative narration significantly enriched their understanding of this ancient civilization. This innovative transport initiative exemplifies how technology and culture can intertwine to foster wider appreciation for heritage among both domestic and international tourists.

  • Recent archaeological breakthroughs in China

  • Recent developments in archaeology have unveiled significant findings that have broadened the understanding of China's vast historical landscape. Released in April 2025, the annual list of China's top archaeological discoveries includes remarkable sites like Zhouyuan, with evidence dating over 3, 000 years. This site has provided insights into the Western Zhou's urban planning and its sociopolitical structure, shedding light on the ethno-cultural diversification that shaped early Chinese civilization.

  • Furthermore, discoveries such as the Lianghe site in the Fangshan district indicate significant urban development, while genetic analysis of artifacts has garnered attention for offering new insights into familial connections and social hierarchies of past societies. The integration of modern techniques in archaeology not only allows for a deeper comprehension of historical contexts but also paves the way for enhanced narratives around cultural heritage. These advancements underscore the continuing importance of archaeology in contributing to national identity and cultural pride in China.

Preserving Traditional Crafts: The Art of Jinjang

  • Profile of Ki Soon-do, jinjang grand master

  • Ki Soon-do stands as the sole grand master of jinjang, or aged soy sauce, in South Korea, a title she earned through decades of dedication to preserving this intricate craft. At 75 years old, Ki is not only a master but also a 10th-generation custodian of her family's sauce-making legacy, which spans over 370 years. Her commitment to tradition is reflected in her meticulous processes and rituals, which include the preparation of soybeans and the use of earthenware jars. Ki's journey began with familial duties that evolved into a profound mission to safeguard a critical aspect of Korean culinary culture. The art of jinjang, recognized by UNESCO as an intangible cultural heritage in December 2024, reflects not only her craft but also the deep-rooted cultural significance of fermented foods in Korea. Ki's insight emphasizes that the making of traditional soy sauce is a generational heritage intertwined with personal and collective identity, making her both a craftsman and a cultural ambassador.

  • Techniques and cultural significance of aged soy sauce

  • The process of making aged soy sauce, or jinjang, is an elaborate art that requires patience and skill. Ki Soon-do emphasizes that the key ingredients of jinjang are simple: soybeans, salt, and water, yet the craft demands an extraordinary commitment to time and care. As she describes, 'Without time, there is no flavour.' This patience is essential, as the fermentation process not only develops the flavors but also embodies a deep connection to the natural world and seasonal changes. Ki's methods involve boiling and fermenting soybeans to create meju, which are then mingled with brine made from bamboo salt. The process includes specific rituals that symbolize respect for the ingredients and the craft itself, such as bathing before beginning the production cycle. This attention to detail ensures that the resulting soy sauce is rich, complex, and distinct from commercial alternatives. Moreover, Ki's success has drawn international attention, most notably when her 360-year-old heirloom sauce was used to season beef for a state banquet hosted for former U.S. President Donald Trump. However, Ki is also acutely aware of the challenges facing her craft today. A shift towards mass production and the impacts of climate change pose significant threats to the traditional methods of jang-making. Shortened winters and prolonged summers disrupt fermentation processes and jeopardize the quality of the final product. Ki actively works to adapt her techniques to these changes while striving to educate the next generation about the importance of preserving this vital slice of Korean heritage.

Wrap Up

  • In mid-2025, the characterization of East Asia is defined by the interplay of diplomatic recalibration, rising civic engagement, and a dynamic resurgence in cultural heritage. As China deftly balances its relationships with Japan, South Korea, Russia, and North Korea, the significance of historical narratives becomes increasingly evident in shaping public opinion and influencing foreign policy in South Korea. The current backlash against Chun Doo-hwan merchandise illustrates how the collective memory is actively shaping civic activism and political discourse, demanding a nuanced understanding of history in contemporary regional relations.

  • Moreover, the integration of digital innovation in cultural preservation is actively fostering a sense of connection to the past while attracting a global audience. Initiatives like the Sanxingdui-themed train and the strategic use of technological platforms not only stimulate economic growth but also elevate cultural narratives that reinforce national pride and heritage. As archaeological breakthroughs expand the horizons of historical understanding, they serve as a critical foundation for East Asian identity and cultural diplomacy.

  • Looking ahead, the prospects for East Asia hinge on balancing these cultural initiatives with the complexities of geopolitical tension. Stakeholders must prioritize the strengthening of people-to-people ties through cultural diplomacy while addressing the historical grievances that can disrupt bilateral relations. Opportunities abound for leveraging technology to engage in dialogue and support heritage preservation, ensuring that as the region progresses, it builds upon a shared understanding that fosters resilience and interconnectedness among diverse cultures in East Asia.

Glossary

  • China–Japan relations: The diplomatic and economic interactions between China and Japan, characterized by cooperation and significant tensions. Key issues include territorial disputes, particularly over the Senkaku Islands, and historical grievances stemming from World War II.
  • Sino-Russian ties: The close strategic partnership between China and Russia, marked by a 'no-limits' friendship that emerged in the wake of geopolitical tensions with the West. This partnership involves economic cooperation and mutual support in international forums.
  • Chun Doo-hwan: A former military dictator of South Korea from 1979 to 1988, Chun's regime is controversial due to its violent suppression of democratic movements, notably the Gwangju Uprising in 1980. His legacy remains a contentious issue in South Korean society.
  • Sanxingdui: An archaeological site in Sichuan Province, China, known for its significant Bronze Age artifacts. Recent discoveries have enhanced understanding of early Chinese civilization and cultural practices, leading to a resurgence of interest in the region's history.
  • Jinjang: An aged soy sauce from Korea, recognized for its complex flavors developed through traditional fermentation processes. Ki Soon-do, the sole grand master of jinjang, emphasizes its cultural significance and the threats faced from modern production methods.
  • Cultural heritage: The traditions, customs, and artifacts that are significant to a community's identity and history. In the context of East Asia, there is an increasing focus on preserving cultural heritage through technological innovation and public engagement.
  • Digital revitalization: The use of digital technology to enhance and promote cultural heritage, as seen in initiatives in Sichuan Province aimed at attracting tourism and reviving historical narratives through modern means.
  • Diplomacy: The practice of managing international relations, often involving negotiations and discussions to resolve conflicts and foster cooperation between nations, particularly relevant in the context of East Asia's complex geopolitical landscape.
  • Gwangju Uprising: A pro-democracy movement in South Korea in 1980, which was violently suppressed by the government under Chun Doo-hwan. This event is pivotal in South Korea's contemporary historical narrative and societal discourse on democracy and human rights.
  • Civic activism: The efforts of citizens to engage in collective action to influence public policy and social issues. The recent backlash against Chun Doo-hwan merchandise exemplifies rising civic engagement in South Korea regarding historical memory and identity.
  • 3D holography: A technology used in exhibitions to create three-dimensional images that enhance visitor experiences by providing immersive and detailed representations of artifacts, as seen in Sichuan's cultural sites.
  • Soft power: The ability of a country to influence others through cultural or ideological means rather than military force. In East Asia, cultural heritage initiatives are being leveraged to enhance soft power and foster international relationships.
  • Intangible cultural heritage: Non-physical aspects of a culture, such as traditions, rituals, and skills, that are essential for maintaining cultural identity. Jinjang has been recognized as an intangible cultural heritage, highlighting the importance of preserving traditional crafts.

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