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Global Peace and Security at a Crossroads: UN Frameworks, Crises, and National Responses in April 2025

General Report April 28, 2025
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  • As of April 28, 2025, the international community faces a multifaceted landscape characterized by persistent conflicts, evolving security threats, and an evolving policy environment. The foundational mandates of the United Nations, particularly the 2005 Responsibility to Protect (R2P) principle, continue to serve as guiding frameworks for global peace endeavors. Concurrent crises in the Middle East, specifically the escalating conflict in Gaza which reignited in October 2023, alongside the catastrophic war in Sudan, underscore the dire need for immediate international attention and intervention. These situations have been exacerbated by insufficient responses from the global community, particularly within the UN system, where geopolitical tensions hinder effective action. There have been urgent calls from global leaders and humanitarian organizations for diplomatic initiatives aimed at de-escalating the violence and providing critical humanitarian support. On the counterterrorism front, the UN’s strategies remain integral in addressing the persistent and evolving threat of terrorism, influenced by extremist ideologies that undermine democratic governance and societal cohesion. Initiatives led by the United Nations, including the Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy, emphasize a comprehensive approach that not only focuses on security measures but also fosters youth engagement and community resilience against radicalization. Meanwhile, the momentum of African diplomacy is bolstered by Ethiopia's recent election to the African Union Peace and Security Council, signaling a commitment to peace stabilization in a region grappling with various conflicts. Furthermore, Germany's recalibrated foreign policy reflects the shifting geopolitical realities, while India's proactive measures in enhancing health preparedness demonstrate a recognition of the intersections between public health and security, especially in the wake of past biological threats. This report encapsulates the current state of global peace and security, highlighting the challenges, institutional strategies, and necessary future directions for a cohesive international response.

  • In conclusion, it is evident that the challenges facing global peace and security are deeply interconnected, necessitating a cohesive and cooperative response from the international community. The reminders of past failures to prevent atrocities alarmingly reiterate the need for a robust application of the Responsibility to Protect doctrine across member states. As geopolitical dynamics shift, the obligation for states to prioritize humanitarian considerations and implement effective policies to secure peace becomes increasingly paramount. Central to any successful navigation of the future will be the ability to unify efforts across nations and organizations, ensuring that interventions are not only reactive but also preventative. Enhanced collaboration through frameworks that encompass security, humanitarian efforts, and health initiatives will be crucial in mitigating tensions and addressing the root causes that contribute to fragility. As we move forward, the future landscape of international peace and security will depend on adaptability and commitment to shared values, ultimately shaping a world that prioritizes peaceful coexistence and resilience.

Foundations of International Peace and Security

  • UN Mission and Mandates

  • The United Nations (UN), established in 1945 in the aftermath of the Second World War, has a fundamental mission of maintaining international peace and security. This mission is operationalized through a range of activities aimed at preventing conflict, facilitating peace between conflicting parties, deploying peacekeepers, and creating the necessary conditions for lasting peace. The UN Security Council, which holds primary responsibility for these efforts, works alongside the General Assembly and the Secretary-General, both of whom play vital roles in peacekeeping and conflict resolution strategies. As of April 2025, the UN's proactive measures include a diverse range of peacekeeping operations and diplomatic efforts aimed at conflict prevention and resolution, which illustrate its foundational importance in global security governance.

  • A comprehensive understanding of the UN's peacekeeping efforts reveals a robust framework designed to prevent conflicts from escalating into violence. This includes preventive diplomacy, mediation, and peacekeeping missions initiated under resolutions by the Security Council. Notably, these operations are multidimensional, focusing not only on maintaining peace but also on promoting human rights, restoring legitimate state authority, and assisting in disarmament efforts. The Action for Peacekeeping Initiative, launched in 2019, reflects the ongoing commitment of the UN to reinforce political will for effective peacekeeping throughout the world, demonstrating the organization’s adaptability to emerging global security challenges.

  • Responsibility to Protect Principle

  • The Responsibility to Protect (R2P) principle emerged as a significant international norm aimed at preventing atrocities such as genocide, war crimes, and ethnic cleansing. Adopted by the UN General Assembly in 2005, R2P posits that state sovereignty carries with it the responsibility to protect its populations from serious harm. When a state fails to do so, the responsibility shifts to the international community to intervene, ideally through diplomatic means, and as a last resort, military action under the authorization of the UN Security Council.

  • The evolution of this principle reflects a shift in collective human rights governance since the 1990s, prompted by catastrophic failures to prevent mass atrocities in places like Rwanda and the Balkans. As articulated in the 2005 World Summit Outcome Document, member states recognized their obligation to act, and subsequent steps have been taken by the UN to operationalize this principle, including establishing mechanisms for early warning and intervention. The commitment to R2P underscores a shared international responsibility and emphasizes prevention and support for countries at risk, positioning the doctrine not only as a reactionary measure but also as a guide for preemptive actions in contemporary global security frameworks.

Ongoing Global Crises

  • Mideast Conflict and Genocide Accusations

  • As of April 28, 2025, the conflict in the Middle East, particularly involving Israel and Palestine, has escalated into a humanitarian disaster. Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas has characterized the situation in Gaza as a 'full-scale war of genocide,' claiming that Israeli forces have resulted in over 40,000 deaths among Palestinians. The conflict, which reignited on October 7, 2023, has seen massive displacement, with over two million individuals having fled their homes. The international response has been criticized for its inadequacies, especially as calls for a ceasefire and intervention have been consistently obstructed at various levels, including the United Nations Security Council, where the United States has blocked draft resolutions aimed at de-escalating hostilities.

  • In a broader context, leaders from multiple nations have urged for immediate action to halt the violence and resume humanitarian efforts. Offers for a potential two-state solution continue to hang in the balance, overshadowed by accusations of war crimes and genocide. International agencies and humanitarian organizations have expressed grave concerns about the living conditions in Gaza and the West Bank, framing the urgent need for diplomatic interventions and humanitarian support as essential for restoring some semblance of normalcy and human dignity in the region.

  • Sudan War and Refugee Crisis

  • The ongoing war in Sudan has reached catastrophic levels, as the conflict enters its second year with little hope for resolution. The major parties involved, including the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF), continue their violent confrontations, resulting in widespread ethnic cleansing and displacement. Reports indicate that millions of Sudanese are suffering from acute food shortages, with the RSF actively destroying agricultural resources, exacerbating the famine situation in regions such as Jazirah. These events highlight the dire humanitarian crisis, with insufficient international aid complicating recovery efforts.

  • The role of the United Arab Emirates in the Sudan conflict has come under scrutiny, as allegations have surfaced regarding its support for the RSF and the provision of arms. This has led to significant diplomatic tensions, with the UN Security Council's inaction highlighting the impotent response from the international community. Despite several humanitarian appeals, the funding and assistance provided have fallen short, leaving millions without necessary support. The prevailing narrative emphasizes the urgency for a concerted effort from global leaders to hold accountable those perpetuating violence and to enhance humanitarian interventions in the beleaguered region.

Counterterrorism Initiatives

  • UN Counterterrorism Strategy

  • As of April 28, 2025, the international community continues to grapple with the persistent threat of terrorism, shaped by various extremist ideologies that undermine societal values and threaten democratic governance. According to the United Nations, thousands of innocent lives are impacted each year due to terrorist activities motivated by extreme narratives based on religion, ethnicity, or political beliefs. The UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy, unanimously adopted on September 8, 2006, remains a cornerstone in combating terrorism, comprising four critical pillars: addressing conditions conducive to terrorism, preventing and combating terrorism, enhancing state capacity to counter terrorism, and ensuring the respect of human rights and the rule of law throughout these processes. The United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism (UNOCT), established in June 2017, plays a pivotal role in coordinating these efforts. It not only leads UN-wide counterterrorism strategies but also provides technical and capacity-building assistance to member states. The UNOCT has focused on promoting justice, peace, and enhanced living conditions to curb the appeal of violent extremism. This resonates with the UN's broader goals of fostering international cooperation in countering terrorism, where over 47 UN entities collaborate through the Global Counter-Terrorism Coordination Compact to streamline and strengthen these initiatives. Furthermore, the United Nations continues to emphasize the significance of youth involvement in countering terrorism. Through various programs aimed at engaging young people, the UN aims to empower the younger generation to build resilience against extremist ideologies, recognizing that addressing the root causes of radicalization is crucial for the long-term success of counterterrorism strategies.

  • Challenges of Extremist Ideologies

  • The fight against terrorism is fraught with challenges, particularly the pervasive influence of extremist ideologies that can spread rapidly through social media and other platforms. These ideologies often thrive on grievances linked to social injustice, political exclusion, and economic disparity, which can destabilize entire communities and nations. The UN acknowledges that effective counterterrorism requires a multifaceted approach that extends beyond traditional security measures. In addressing the challenge of violent extremism, the UN has developed comprehensive plans such as the 'Plan of Action to Prevent Violent Extremism,' presented in 2016, which outlines systematic preventive measures to tackle the factors that drive individuals toward radicalization. This plan, which comprises over 70 recommendations, emphasizes the importance of development-oriented strategies, community engagement, and law enforcement that respect human rights. However, despite the robust frameworks established by the UN, enforcement remains inconsistent globally, compounded by political resistance and differing national policies regarding civil liberties and security. This fragmentation can hinder coordination and effectiveness, making it crucial for nations to unify their approaches and commit to collaborative strategies that also prioritize human rights protections.

African Diplomacy and Security Operations

  • Ethiopia’s AU PSC Membership

  • Ethiopia's recent election to the African Union (AU) Peace and Security Council (PSC) marks a significant step in African diplomacy as of April 2025. This election, held during the 46th Ordinary Session of the AU Executive Council in Addis Ababa, emphasizes Ethiopia's crucial role in advancing peace and security initiatives across the continent. The election is a reflection not just of Ethiopia's contributions to peacekeeping but also of its strategic importance in fostering stability amidst ongoing conflicts and humanitarian crises in the region. Ethiopia has consistently engaged in peacekeeping efforts, contributing troops to missions across various African nations and facilitating dialogues among conflicting parties. The country's commitment to the AU's peace and security agenda is bolstered by its proactive involvement in conflict prevention and resolution initiatives. Such activities underscore Ethiopia's belief in the necessity of collective approaches to security challenges, which are often exacerbated by armed conflicts, climate change, and humanitarian emergencies. Furthermore, Ethiopia's position on the PSC is poised to enhance cooperation with other member states and international organizations, promoting a more cohesive response to peace and security challenges. This strategic coordination is essential in addressing political instability and economic disparities that fuel unrest across Africa. As Ethiopia assumes its responsibilities within the PSC, it is positioned to champion efforts that support sustainable peace and security throughout the continent, fostering an environment of collaboration and unity aimed at conflict mitigation.

  • MINUSMA Community Engagement in Mali

  • The United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) has been actively involved in community engagement efforts that seek to forge stronger relationships with the local populace, facilitating support for peace processes. These activities have evolved to address the complex challenges faced in Mali, where ongoing conflicts and sociopolitical instability have created an urgent need for robust peacekeeping strategies. As of April 2025, MINUSMA's community engagement team continues to play a vital role in building trust and gathering critical information necessary for the mission's operational effectiveness. This engagement is particularly crucial in a context where numerous threats persist, including violent extremism and inter-communal tensions. The mission's efforts are characterized by outreach initiatives aimed at empowering local communities to participate actively in peace processes, thus nurturing a sense of ownership and commitment toward achieving long-term stability. The mission has implemented various programs designed to educate and raise awareness among the local population about their rights and the importance of peace. By promoting dialogue among communities and between local leaders and security personnel, MINUSMA seeks to mitigate hostilities and enhance cooperation aimed at ensuring the safety of civilians and the integrity of peace agreements. As such, MINUSMA's ongoing community engagement strategies reflect a comprehensive approach toward not just maintaining peace but also fostering an environment where social cohesion can thrive.

National Response Strategies

  • Germany’s Foreign Policy Transition

  • As of April 2025, Germany finds itself in a critical phase of re-evaluation concerning its foreign policy approach. The immediate trigger for this reassessment has been the rapid geopolitical shifts resulting from the U.S. military withdrawal from Afghanistan and the subsequent Taliban takeover in August 2021. This event has forced German policymakers to confront essential questions regarding the nature and objectives of future engagements on the global stage, particularly within the frameworks of NATO and the European Union. The ongoing shifts in international power dynamics, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, challenge Germany's traditional pillars of foreign policy—the transatlantic partnership and European cohesion. Influenced by populist governments and growing authoritarianism in various regions, the efficacy of multilateral engagement is under scrutiny. Furthermore, Germany is now navigating a climate of strategic rivalry between global players like the U.S. and China, dramatically complicating the landscape within which it must operate. With domestic pressures for consistent policy frameworks, recent discussions aim to secure Germany’s role in European and international governance while adapting to a rapidly evolving geopolitical atmosphere. This reassessment includes a focus on strengthening bilateral relations with new partners and reassessing Germany's commitment to human rights and multilateralism in light of increasing violations globally. The ultimate goal for Germany is to redefine its global position proactively, transforming perceived challenges into opportunities for leadership in international peace and security.

  • India’s Health Preparedness Framework

  • In light of ongoing biological threats, including recent outbreaks of the Nipah virus and other emergent health challenges, India is actively enhancing its health preparedness framework. As of April 2025, there is an urgent focus on solidifying capacities for early detection and timely response to biological threats, as emphasized in comprehensive reviews by organizations like NITI Aayog and the recommendations from the Law Commission of India. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted significant gaps in India's health infrastructure, particularly in its response mechanisms to sudden health crises. India's current health legislation, such as the Epidemic Diseases Act of 1897, has been deemed inadequate for addressing modern biological and zoonotic threats. To better equip itself, India is considering establishing a Public Health Emergency Management Act (PHEMA) to streamline and enhance its strategies against both natural and man-made biological disasters. Furthermore, India aims to foster a cohesive approach to health security by integrating public health strategies with emerging biotechnologies and enhancing international collaborations. As part of its long-term vision, aptly titled 'Viksit Bharat 2047', the country is committed to developing a resilient health system that is not merely reactive but anticipates and mitigates health threats before they escalate. This includes initiatives aimed at improving surveillance systems, integrating public-private partnerships in health innovation, and fostering international cooperation through frameworks such as the Quad Bioexplore initiative, thereby ensuring that India remains prepared to tackle future health crises effectively.

Wrap Up

  • The intricate relationship between international mandates, regional initiatives, and national responses points to both the enduring complexity and the resilience of global peace architecture. The ongoing commitment to the Responsibility to Protect principle remains a cornerstone of international efforts to avert crises and protect vulnerable populations. The growing cooperation in counterterrorism and the strengthening of regional partnerships, particularly within Africa, present potential pathways toward conflict de-escalation and long-term stability. Furthermore, Germany's adaptive foreign policy strategy in response to evolving global dynamics and India's proactive framework for health preparedness highlight the essential intersection of security, humanitarian, and public health agendas in addressing contemporary challenges. Looking ahead, future success in establishing and maintaining peace will fundamentally depend on aligning institutional mandates with real-world contexts, enhancing multilateral coordination, and proactively addressing the root causes of violence and instability. This requires not only a commitment to preventive diplomacy and capacity-building initiatives, but also a recognition that global cooperation must evolve to meet the pressing demands of interconnectivity in today's challenges. In a rapidly changing geopolitical landscape, the call for integrative approaches that prioritize sustainable peace and security becomes ever more urgent, warranting a concerted effort from all stakeholders in the international community.

Glossary

  • United Nations (UN): Established in 1945, the UN is an international organization designed to foster cooperation among countries to maintain global peace and security. It operates through various bodies, including the Security Council, which is responsible for addressing conflicts, deploying peacekeepers, and promoting diplomatic resolutions.
  • Responsibility to Protect (R2P): The R2P principle, adopted by the UN in 2005, emphasizes that the responsibility to protect populations from atrocities such as genocide and war crimes falls on sovereign states. If a state fails to do so, the international community is obligated to intervene, potentially using military force under the UN Security Council's authorization.
  • Gaza: A coastal region in the Middle East, Gaza is currently the focus of intense conflict between Israel and Palestinian factions. As of April 2025, the conflict has resulted in significant humanitarian crises, including high casualties and widespread displacement among Palestinians.
  • Sudan: A country located in Northeast Africa, Sudan has been embroiled in a violent conflict involving government forces and paramilitary groups. As of April 2025, the ongoing war has led to severe humanitarian crises, including ethnic cleansing and famine, highlighting the urgent need for international intervention.
  • African Union (AU): The AU is a continental union consisting of 55 African countries aimed at promoting unity and cooperation among African nations. It plays a significant role in peacekeeping and security initiatives, particularly through the Peace and Security Council (PSC) focused on conflict prevention and resolution.
  • MINUSMA: The United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) is a peacekeeping mission established in 2013 to support political processes in Mali, protect civilians, and assist in the reestablishment of the state's authority in the face of ongoing conflicts and instability.
  • Counterterrorism: Counterterrorism refers to the strategies, tactics, and measures employed to prevent and respond to acts of terrorism. This includes military operations, intelligence sharing, and community engagement aimed at thwarting extremist ideologies and promoting societal resilience.
  • Extremist Ideologies: Beliefs or theories that advocate for radical changes to societal norms, often leading to violence and terrorism. These ideologies frequently exploit socio-political grievances and can be fueled by religious or nationalist sentiments.
  • German Foreign Policy: The strategic framework and actions taken by Germany in international relations, particularly after significant events such as the U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan. As of April 2025, Germany is reassessing its foreign policy to navigate evolving geopolitical landscapes, focusing on cooperation within NATO and the EU.
  • Health Preparedness: Health preparedness involves the measures and policies developed to ensure effective responses to public health threats, such as epidemics or biological attacks. As of April 2025, India is enhancing its framework to address biological threats, stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic and other health crises.
  • AU Peace and Security Council (AU PSC): A key component of the African Union responsible for promoting peace, stability, and security across the continent. It plays a pivotal role in conflict resolution and management, particularly through its engagement in ongoing African crises.

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