Your browser does not support JavaScript!

North Korean Artillery in Ukraine: The Rising Threat of the Koksan Howitzer

General Report March 25, 2025
goover

TABLE OF CONTENTS

  1. Summary
  2. Deployment of the Koksan Howitzer
  3. Military Implications of North Korean Artillery in Ukraine
  4. International Reactions and Future Developments
  5. Conclusion

1. Summary

  • The integration of North Korean M1989 Koksan self-propelled howitzers into the Ukrainian conflict represents a pivotal moment in military collaboration between North Korea and Russia, reflecting broader geopolitical shifts. The deployment of these artillery systems, first confirmed on January 7, 2025, marks a significant escalation in the ongoing war and points towards a strategic alliance that may enhance the military capabilities of both nations. The Koksan howitzers are notable for their impressive firing range, reaching up to 60 kilometers with specialized projectiles, which allows them to conduct long-range bombardments that can disrupt Ukrainian military operations from a safe distance. This development, coming after months of clandestine arms transfers, suggests a deepening partnership aimed at bolstering artillery power amidst sustained hostilities in Ukraine. Detailed examination of the logistics behind the Koksan deployment reveals that North Korea has likely supplied a significant number of these howitzers to Russia, despite inherent challenges posed by their unique 170mm caliber, which necessitates a specific supply chain. Each Koksan is mounted on a modified Soviet chassis and designed for mobility and camouflage away from front-line confrontations. However, its limitations, such as a slow firing rate and low ammunition capacity, raise questions about its sustained effectiveness in protracted combat situations. Nonetheless, the mere presence of these systems on the battlefield alters military dynamics significantly, necessitating strategic recalibrations for both Ukrainian forces and their international allies. Furthermore, the collaboration hints at broader implications for regional dynamics, as North Korea seeks to embed itself within international conflicts in ways that could alter traditional alliances and power structures. The ramifications of this partnership extend beyond Ukraine, potentially influencing other geopolitical arenas where North Korea and its allies may seek similar military arrangements. As the conflict evolves, the international community must remain vigilant, analyzing the long-term impacts of this artillery introduction on military strategies, defensive postures, and geopolitical alignments.

2. Deployment of the Koksan Howitzer

  • 2-1. First confirmed appearance on the Ukrainian front

  • The ongoing war in Ukraine has taken a notable turn with the confirmed deployment of the North Korean M1989 Koksan self-propelled howitzer on the battlefield. This event marks the first recorded use of this artillery system amid the conflict, occurring on January 7, 2025. Confirmation came through images shared via the Telegram channel Exilenova+ by a Russian soldier. Known for its impressive firing range—up to 60 kilometers with specialized rocket-assisted munitions—the Koksan howitzer symbolizes Pyongyang’s indirect yet significant involvement in this international struggle. North Korea reportedly possesses several hundred units of the M1989, although exact figures remain unverified. This particular deployment emerged following months of reported arms transfers, which began to surface in late 2024. In November and December, videos circulated showing Koksan systems being transported via rail across Russia, indicating a deepening military partnership between Russia and North Korea, where both nations aim to reinforce their artillery capabilities within the context of their respective strategic interests. Introduced into service in 1989, the Koksan is mounted on a modified chassis of the Soviet ATS-59 artillery tractor, specifically designed for long-range bombardments. It boasts a standard firing range of 40 kilometers for conventional shells and reaches up to 60 kilometers with specialized rocket-assisted projectiles. However, this artillery system does come with certain limitations, including a slow firing rate of only two rounds per minute and an internal ammunition capacity that can carry only 12 rounds. Moreover, the Koksan’s light armor design means it is ideally suited for operations situated away from frontline conflicts. It can be outfitted with man-portable air defense systems (MANPADS) to offer some degree of air protection. The integration of this artillery piece into Russian forces presents logistical challenges, due to its unique 170mm caliber that does not match the standard munitions used by Russian artillery. Consequently, maintaining a consistent supply line from North Korea is essential, a factor that could impede its operational efficiency. The increasing presence of Koksan howitzers indicates a complex change in the military dynamics at play in Ukraine—both providing a vital boost to Russian capabilities while also symbolizing North Korea’s strategic commitment to its ally.

  • 2-2. Timeline of North Korean artillery system deliveries

  • The timeline for the arrival and initial deployment of North Korean M1989 Koksan self-propelled howitzers in the Russian-Ukrainian conflict reveals a carefully orchestrated plan of military collaboration. Reports of Russia receiving these artillery systems first surfaced around October 2024. By November, images showing their transit through Russian territory were documented, highlighting a continuing relationship characterized by arms transfers and strategic cooperation. However, it wasn't until January 7, 2025, that visual evidence emerged of the Koksan howitzers being put into use on the front lines. Videos surfaced, allegedly filmed at the battlefield, illustrating the apparent integration of these artillery systems into active combat scenarios. Despite the ambiguity surrounding the exact authenticity, time, and location of the videos, expert analysis suggests the absence of snow could indicate deployment in the southern occupied territories of Ukraine, further supporting the idea of a coordinated operational effort by Russian forces. This progression from the initial procurement phase to combat deployment took about two months, encapsulating a timeline that reflects both urgency and strategic necessity. The introduction of the Koksan systems coincides with an increasing need within the Russian military to replenish its artillery inventories, particularly in light of sustained engagements and losses endured over the course of the war. The slow buildup and eventual use of the Koksan howitzers illustrate the dual objectives of sustaining Russia’s operational capabilities while simultaneously asserting North Korea's growing influence in the conflict through military aid.

  • 2-3. Videos and evidence of deployment

  • The dissemination of video content serves as pivotal evidence that the North Korean 170mm Koksan self-propelled howitzers have been deployed combat-ready to the front lines. The aforementioned video released on January 7, 2025, presents footage reportedly taken in an active conflict scenario, showcasing the capabilities of the Koksan howitzers as part of Russia’s increased artillery strength. While uncertainties surround the precise context of the video, including its date and geographical location, analysts have pointed out various elements supporting its authenticity. The apparent absence of snow in the landscape suggests deployment in the southern areas of the occupied territories, indicating a strategic positioning of this artillery system within operational zones where weather conditions are more favorable for military activities. As for the technical specifications displayed in the videos, the Koksan howitzers are highlighted for their capability to launch both conventional shells and advanced rocket-assisted munitions. The limitations concerning accuracy and the finite quantity of specialized projectiles contribute to an ongoing debate regarding the effectiveness of these systems in contemporary engagements, especially when juxtaposed with Western artillery technology. Initial assessments identify that while the Koksan provides significant long-range support, its performance in active combat scenarios is threatened by modern counter-battery systems used by Ukrainian forces. The videos illustrating the Koksan’s deployment add to the narrative of the evolving military landscape in Ukraine, emphasizing a new chapter in the alliance between Moscow and Pyongyang, while also spotlighting the continuing escalation of military tactics as both parties adapt to the challenges presented by the conflict and the dynamic of modern warfare.

3. Military Implications of North Korean Artillery in Ukraine

  • 3-1. Integration of Koksan systems into Russian military strategy

  • The integration of North Korean M1989 Koksan self-propelled howitzers into Russian military strategy represents a significant tactical shift for the Russian armed forces, which are currently grappling with resource depletion amid prolonged conflict in Ukraine. These artillery systems, characterized by their long-range capabilities—approximately 40 kilometers for conventional shells and up to 60 kilometers with rocket-assisted projectiles—offer Russia enhanced strike options that align with its artillery-centric military doctrine. With the introduction of the Koksan howitzers, Russia gains access to highly mobile artillery that can perform strategic bombardments from protected positions, complicating Ukraine's existing defensive limitations.

  • The logistical challenge associated with employing Koksan howitzers, particularly their unique 170mm caliber rounds, underscores the urgency for established supply chains between North Korea and Russia. Russia’s existing ammunition inventory will not suffice without dedicated support from North Korean sources, further entwining their military operations. The apparent delivery of substantial batches of these artillery systems and their operational integration into Russian units indicates a deliberate shift in operational strategy, aimed at leveraging extended-range artillery to sustain pressure on Ukrainian forces long-term, while also mitigating the impact of depleted Russian artillery stocks caused by ongoing hostilities.

  • 3-2. Potential impact on Ukrainian defense tactics

  • The arrival of North Korean artillery systems has immediate and substantial implications for Ukrainian defense tactics. The Koksan howitzers' ability to conduct long-range bombardments poses a direct threat to key military installations and infrastructure deep within Ukrainian territory. As Ukrainian forces contend with evolving threats, they must reassess and adapt their defense strategies to account for artillery strikes that can occur from significant distances.

  • Additionally, the presence of skilled North Korean operators alongside Russian troops introduces a new layer of complexity to the conflict, as these operators are trained to maximize the effectiveness of the Koksan artillery systems. This development necessitates an evolution in Ukraine's approach to air and missile defense, necessitating an expansion of counter-battery operations to identify and neutralize Koksan positions before they can be fully operational. Failure to adapt could result in Ukraine facing devastating artillery barrages that compromise troop morale and operational effectiveness.

  • Furthermore, the growing military collaboration between North Korea and Russia might compel Ukraine to seek additional support from Western allies, emphasizing the need for rapid acquisition of advanced anti-artillery capabilities and reconnaissance assets that can address long-range threats.

  • 3-3. Shifts in battlefield dynamics

  • The incorporation of Koksan howitzers into the Russian military framework marks a significant shift in battlefield dynamics, enhancing Russia's ability to conduct sustained artillery operations while potentially shifting the balance of firepower in the conflict. The Koksan’s characteristics allow for precision-targeted attacks, complicating Ukrainian efforts to mount effective counteroffensives without incurring substantial losses from prolonged bombardments.

  • Moreover, the collaboration seems to coalesce with broader strategic objectives for both North Korea and Russia, potentially granting North Korea practical battlefield data that could inform future developments of its own military hardware. For Russia, this partnership not only replenishes artillery resources depleted by constant combat engagements but also reinforces its artillery-heavy combat doctrine, thereby reinforcing a strategy that emphasizes pounding Ukrainian defenses to disrupt command and control effectively.

  • However, the dynamics of the battlefield now include not just the stark military implications but also international ramifications. As Russia deepens its military cooperation with North Korea, it invites scrutiny and potential responses from Western powers intent on curtailing these partnerships through economic sanctions or military aid to Ukraine. This evolving scenario signals a new chapter in the Russia-Ukraine conflict, one that is characterized by increasing international dimensions and potential shifts in global military alignments.

4. International Reactions and Future Developments

  • 4-1. Global implications of Russian-North Korean military ties

  • The emergence of military cooperation between Russia and North Korea through the introduction of North Korean M1989 Koksan howitzers to the Ukrainian conflict has raised numerous eyebrows on the international stage. This partnership signals a potential shift in military alignments and the geopolitical landscape in East Asia and beyond. Analysts observe that as Western nations impose sanctions on Russia for its aggressive actions in Ukraine, the Kremlin's pivot towards North Korea underscores a growing trend of allied responses among nations facing international isolation. The implications of this military alliance extend beyond mere logistics; they represent a possible long-term strategic shift that might incentivize similar collaborations between other sanctioned states.

  • In particular, the provision of North Korean artillery systems to Russia could embolden similar nations, who might view this partnership as a blueprint for enhancing their military capabilities despite sanctions. Countries like Iran and Syria, which maintain close diplomatic ties with North Korea and Russia, could be encouraged to pursue more aggressive military support, thereby complicating the global security environment. Such developments warrant close scrutiny by NATO members and other global powers, as they need to evaluate their strategies concerning missile defense and military readiness in response to these evolving alliances.

  • 4-2. Reactions from Western powers and NATO

  • The introduction of North Korean Koksan howitzers into Ukraine has sparked swift reactions from Western powers, particularly NATO. The alliance views this development as a direct threat to European security. NATO's Secretary-General has condemned the military cooperation between Moscow and Pyongyang as a clear violation of international norms and has called for a unified response to deter further aggression. Member states are being urged to augment their military preparedness and reassess their deployment strategies in Eastern Europe as a safeguard against escalating tensions.

  • In addition, the U.S. administration, backed by its allies, is reportedly considering additional sanctions specifically aimed at entities facilitating military sales between Russia and North Korea. There are growing discussions around increasing military aid to Ukraine, with proposals to provide more advanced defensive systems to counter the potential impacts of the Koksan artillery in the field. Diplomatic channels are also being utilized to rally international support against this burgeoning alliance, signaling to North Korea that their military ventures will not go unchallenged or unnoticed.

  • 4-3. Forecasting future military engagements

  • The partnership between Russia and North Korea raises important considerations regarding future military engagements in Ukraine and perhaps to other theaters globally. Experts suggest that the increasing provision of advanced artillery could enhance Russia's offensive capabilities, thereby prolonging the conflict in Ukraine. As Moscow leverages North Korean arms, we can anticipate a potential intensification of hostilities which may compel Ukraine to adapt its defensive strategies significantly.

  • On a broader scale, the evolution of the military landscape could lead other nations to reassess their own military alliances and strategies. There may be a race to bolster defenses and seek new partnerships to counter the perceived threats posed by the Russo-North Korean alliance. Additionally, military analysts are keen to explore how improvements in Russian operational tactics, now supplemented by North Korean artillery, could prompt Western powers to innovate their own engagement strategies, potentially leading to a cycle of arms build-up and mixed military alliances across the globe.

Conclusion

  • The situation surrounding the deployment of North Korean Koksan howitzers in Ukraine underscores a crucial juncture in the military collaboration between Russia and North Korea, raising substantial concerns about the stability of the region and the efficacy of current international sanctions. This burgeoning alliance not only enhances Russia's artillery capabilities but serves as a stark illustration of how isolated nations can fortify each other’s military operations in the face of global scrutiny. As these two nations deepen their ties, it becomes imperative for global powers to reassess their strategic decisions and policy measures regarding the ongoing conflict. Analysts recognize that the operational dynamics introduced by the Koksan howitzers may lead to an escalation of hostilities within Ukraine, potentially prolonging the conflict. The tactical advantages gained by Russian forces could compel Ukrainian military leaders to adapt their strategies significantly, especially concerning their air defense and counter-battery operations. As the battlefield evolves, so does the necessity for Ukraine to bolster its defenses against distant artillery threats and to seek further support from Western allies committed to countering Russian aggression. In light of these developments, it is evident that responses from NATO and other Western powers will play a crucial role in shaping the future of both the Ukraine crisis and the broader geopolitical landscape. The repercussions of the Russian-North Korean partnership are bound to reverberate throughout international relations, heightening tensions and prompting a reevaluation of existing military alliances. As the situation develops, the global community must remain proactive in addressing these emerging threats to ensure regional stability and postulate expected shifts in military alliances across the globe.

Glossary

  • Koksan Howitzer [Product]: The North Korean M1989 Koksan is a self-propelled howitzer known for its long-range capabilities, capable of firing projectiles up to 60 kilometers using specialized munitions.
  • M1989 [Product]: The designation for the model of the Koksan howitzer introduced in 1989, indicating the year it was first put into service.
  • MANPADS [Technology]: Man-portable air defense systems designed for use by a single individual, offering mobile defense against low-flying aircraft.
  • Rocket-assisted munitions [Technology]: Advanced projectiles designed to enhance the range and explosive power of conventional ammunition during artillery bombardment.
  • Geopolitical shifts [Concept]: Significant changes in the political landscape and power dynamics between nations or regions, often influenced by military alliances and conflicts.
  • Counter-battery operations [Process]: Military tactics employed to identify and neutralize enemy artillery to mitigate their threat during warfare.
  • Supply chain [Process]: The interconnected network through which supplies, such as ammunition and equipment, are delivered to military forces.
  • Artillery-centric military doctrine [Concept]: A strategic approach in military operations that emphasizes the use of artillery as a primary means of attack and support in combat.
  • Strategic alliance [Concept]: An agreement between nations to cooperate for mutual benefit, often enhancing military or economic capabilities.
  • Clandestine arms transfers [Process]: The secretive exchange of military weapons and equipment between countries, often bypassing international regulations.

Source Documents