Understanding the Biological Foundations of Mood Disorders: Insights into Bipolar Disorder, Depression, Postpartum Depression, and Anorexia Nervosa

1. Summary

• Mood disorders represent a significant health challenge, deeply affecting individuals and their communities. This exploration into the biological foundations of disorders such as bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder (MDD), postpartum depression, and anorexia nervosa offers critical insights into their complexities. At the intersection of genetic, neurobiological, and environmental factors, mood disorders are not merely transient emotional responses but rather involve profound disruptions in mood regulation, cognitive function, and behavior. Understanding these biological underpinnings is essential for creating effective treatment plans catered to individual needs.

• Research highlights that mood disorders are exacerbated by various biological mechanisms, including neurotransmitter imbalances and alterations in brain structure and function. For instance, both bipolar disorder and MDD reflect significant heritable traits, with studies indicating a polygenic nature contributing to susceptibility. Neuroimaging studies further reveal that brain areas essential for emotion regulation, such as the amygdala and prefrontal cortex, exhibit functional abnormalities in affected individuals. Such findings underscore the importance of a comprehensive approach to mental health, combining pharmacological interventions with psychotherapy and lifestyle changes to foster recovery.

• The unique challenges presented by postpartum depression and anorexia nervosa demonstrate the necessity of understanding mood disorders within broader societal and psychological contexts. Postpartum depression's biological links to hormonal changes, alongside the psychological ramifications of new motherhood, highlight the intricate balance between biological and emotional health. Similarly, anorexia nervosa epitomizes the critical relationship between mood regulation and eating behaviors, as psychological distress can drive harmful dietary restrictions. Thus, addressing these disorders requires nuanced considerations of both mental and physical health, ultimately advocating for early intervention and support mechanisms.

2. The Biological Basis of Mood Disorders

• 2-1. What are Mood Disorders?

• Mood disorders, including bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder (MDD), are characterized by significant disturbances in mood regulation, leading to emotional states that can adversely affect an individual's daily functioning. These disorders encompass a range of conditions where mood variations are severe and can be episodic, such as in bipolar disorder, or chronic and persistent, as in MDD. Mood disorders are not merely emotional responses; they have profound biological underpinnings that can alter brain function, neurochemistry, and even genetic expression, which is crucial for understanding their etiology and treatment.

• Bipolar disorder is typified by alternating states of mania and depression, which can significantly impair one’s ability to function in social, occupational, or other critical areas. In contrast, major depressive disorder often presents with a pervasive low mood, loss of interest, and various physical symptoms that signal a disruption in the biological mechanisms regulating mood and emotion. These conditions represent a convergence of genetic, neurobiological, and environmental factors that together influence an individual's mood and behavioral patterns.

• 2-2. How Biology Influences Mood and Behavior

• The biological foundation of mood disorders highlights the complex interplay between genetics, brain structure, and neurochemistry. Genetic predispositions play a significant role, with heritability estimates for bipolar disorder and MDD suggesting that familial history is a key risk factor. The heritability of bipolar disorder is estimated to be between 79% and 93%, indicating a strong genetic component. However, no singular gene has been conclusively linked to the disorders; instead, multiple genes contribute to the increased risk through various interactions with environmental factors.

• Neurobiologically, mood disorders are associated with alterations in several brain regions, particularly those involved in emotion regulation. For instance, the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex are frequently implicated. Studies have shown that in individuals with major depressive disorder, abnormalities in these regions can lead to dysregulated emotional responses, making it difficult to process emotions appropriately. Additionally, changes in neurotransmitter systems involving serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine are crucial in modulating mood and behavior. These neurotransmitters not only affect emotional regulation but also influence reward mechanisms, reinforcement learning, and stress responses, underlining their importance in mood disorders.

• Recent research also emphasizes the role of neuroinflammation and circadian rhythm disruptions in mood disorders. Inflammation has been found to be elevated in individuals with depression, suggesting a biological activation of stress responses that may exacerbate or trigger depressive episodes. Similarly, abnormalities in circadian rhythms can lead to disrupted sleep patterns, contributing further to mood dysregulation and highlighting the integral role of biological cycles in these disorders.

• 2-3. The Role of Neurotransmitters and Brain Structures

• Neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine are pivotal to understanding mood disorders. The monoamine hypothesis of depression posits that deficits in these neurotransmitters reflect the core biological issue underlying mood disorders. For instance, serotonin has been closely linked to mood regulation, sleep cycles, and appetite, while norepinephrine is associated with arousal and stress responses. Dopamine, on the other hand, is crucial for reward processing and motivation. The therapeutic mechanisms of many antidepressants also involve enhancing the synaptic levels of these neurotransmitters, reinforcing their centrality in mood disorder pathophysiology.

• Specific brain regions interact through intricate networks to regulate mood. For instance, the ventral prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) are associated with cognitive aspects of emotional regulation. Dysfunctions in these areas can lead to problems in emotion recognition and regulation, as seen in both bipolar disorder and MDD. Neuroimaging studies have shown variations in neural activity across these regions during different mood states, providing insight into how structural and functional changes correlate with mood disturbances.

• Moreover, the amygdala plays a crucial role in emotional processing and is often hyperactive in individuals experiencing mania or severe depressive states. This hyperactivity can lead to heightened emotional responses and impaired regulation. Simultaneously, the connectivity and communication within the broader 'visceromotor' network, which includes structures such as the striatum and thalamus, are essential for emotional modulation. Therefore, understanding these neurobiological structures and their interactions is vital to developing effective treatment strategies for mood disorders.

3. Bipolar Disorder: Characteristics and Biological Mechanisms

• 3-1. Defining Bipolar Disorder

• Bipolar disorder is classified as an affective disorder characterized by unpredictable shifts in mood, energy, and activity levels, resulting in episodes of mania, hypomania, and depression. These mood changes can be extreme, leading to significant disruptions in daily functioning and interpersonal relationships. The disorder is not simply a series of mood swings; it represents a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and environmental factors. The etiology remains poorly understood, but studies indicate that both genetic predisposition and various environmental stressors significantly contribute to its development.

• 3-2. Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder

• The symptoms of bipolar disorder vary considerably between the manic and depressive phases. During manic episodes, individuals may experience elevated mood, increased energy, decreased need for sleep, grandiosity, and impulsive behaviors. These periods can involve considerable risk-taking, which may manifest in excessive spending, reckless driving, or uncharacteristic social behavior. Conversely, during depressive episodes, individuals may exhibit feelings of hopelessness, significant weight change, fatigue, and an inability to concentrate or make decisions. These fluctuations in mood can significantly impair functioning and quality of life.

• It is important to understand the duration and severity of these episodes. In many cases, manic episodes last for at least a week, while depressive episodes can last for two weeks or longer. Some individuals may experience rapid cycling, where they frequently switch between manic and depressive states over a short period. The variability and unpredictability of these mood changes can be distressing for patients and their families, often requiring ongoing treatment and management strategies.

• 3-3. Current Research on Genetic and Environmental Factors

• Current research suggests that bipolar disorder has a significant genetic component, with heritability estimates ranging from 79% to 93%. Family and twin studies support this, indicating that first-degree relatives of individuals with bipolar disorder have a substantially increased risk of developing the condition. However, no single gene is solely responsible; instead, numerous genes are thought to contribute to the disorder through complex interactions. The polygenic hypothesis posits that a combined effect of many common genetic variants increases the likelihood of developing bipolar disorder.

• Recent studies have identified several genomic regions associated with bipolar disorder, including notable candidates such as CACNA1C and ODZ4, which have been linked to calcium channel activity in neurons. Furthermore, the intersection of bipolar disorder with other psychiatric disorders, particularly schizophrenia, raises questions about shared biological pathways, emphasizing the need for comprehensive genetic studies. Environmental factors such as major life stressors, drug use, and obstetric complications have also been found to play a crucial role in triggering mood episodes in genetically predisposed individuals.

• Research investigating molecular mechanisms has highlighted abnormalities in neurotransmission and intracellular signaling pathways. Dysfunctions in the brain's emotional circuitry, particularly involving the prefrontal cortex and amygdala, have been implicated in the disorder's pathology. Neuroimaging studies demonstrate alterations in brain regions involved in regulating emotions, providing insights into the neurological underpinnings of bipolar disorder. These findings are crucial for developing targeted treatments and improving understanding of the disorder's complexity.

4. Depression: A Closer Look at Major Depressive Disorder

• 4-1. Defining Major Depressive Disorder

• Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a pervasive mood disorder characterized by a persistent feeling of sadness and a lack of interest or pleasure in previously enjoyed activities. This diagnosis is not merely a temporary state or generalized sadness; it manifests through a variety of symptoms affecting emotional well-being, physical health, and the overall functioning of individuals in daily life. To qualify as MDD, the symptoms must significantly impair social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning, persisting for at least two weeks. MDD can result from a complex interplay of genetic, biochemical, environmental, and psychological factors. Understanding MDD requires acknowledging its potential biological origins, which include alterations in brain function and structure, neurotransmitter imbalances, and genetic predispositions. These biological components play a crucial role in the onset and course of the disorder, contributing to its understanding as a serious health condition rather than a fleeting emotional response.

• 4-2. Symptoms and Behavioral Patterns

• The symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder encompass a wide range of emotional and physical manifestations. Individuals with MDD often experience profound sadness, a sense of hopelessness, and a marked decrease in energy levels. Behavioral patterns may include withdrawal from social interactions, diminished productivity at work or school, and a loss of pleasure in activities once regarded as enjoyable. In addition to emotional symptoms, MDD can lead to significant physical symptoms, such as changes in appetite and weight, sleep disturbances (including insomnia or hypersomnia), and fatigue. Cognitive symptoms, including difficulty concentrating, indecisiveness, and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide, are also prevalent. Importantly, these symptoms can vary in intensity and duration, often fluctuating based on various external and internal factors. The culmination of these symptoms affects the individual's overall quality of life, contributing to a cycle that may perpetuate the disorder. For instance, lack of sleep can exacerbate mood disturbances, reinforcing the need for effective therapeutic interventions aimed at alleviating both mood and physical symptoms.

• 4-3. Brain Activity and Biological Changes in Depression

• Research into the biological changes associated with Major Depressive Disorder reveals significant alterations in brain activity and structure. Areas such as the lateral prefrontal cortex, which has a crucial role in emotion regulation, often display decreased activity in individuals suffering from MDD. Other implicated brain regions include the amygdala and the anterior cingulate cortex, both of which are central to emotional processing and regulation. Functional imaging studies have shown that these regions exhibit abnormal patterns of activity during depressive episodes, suggesting a dysregulation of neural circuits that govern emotion and reward responses. At a biochemical level, the monoamine hypothesis has been a longstanding theory within depression research, proposing that imbalances in neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine contribute to the onset of depression. This hypothesis underpins many pharmacological treatments for MDD, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which aim to enhance neurotransmitter activity within synaptic gaps. Furthermore, the interplay between biological processes and environmental factors complicates our understanding of MDD. For example, sleep disturbances, which are prevalent among those with the disorder, have been linked to alterations in circadian rhythms and overall brain function. The relationship between sleep and depression is bidirectional; poor sleep can aggravate depressive symptoms, while treating sleep issues can often lead to improved mood and functionality. In conclusion, a comprehensive understanding of the biological underpinnings of MDD is critical for developing effective targeted therapies and improving patient outcomes.

5. Postpartum Depression: Understanding the Unique Challenges

• 5-1. Overview of Postpartum Depression

• Postpartum depression (PPD) is a significant mood disorder that some individuals experience following childbirth. It is characterized not just by the emotional traumas inherent in bringing a new life into the world but complicated by biological, psychological, and social factors. While commonly thought of as a condition purely affecting mothers, men can also experience postpartum depression, though it is often underreported. The disorder manifests in a variety of symptoms and can severely impact the mother-child relationship, parenting capabilities, and overall family dynamics.

• Typically, postpartum depression arises within one to four weeks after delivery but can sometimes begin during pregnancy or even before childbirth. The symptoms include extreme sadness, fatigue, anxiety, changes in sleeping and eating patterns, irritability, and difficulty bonding with the infant. Diagnosis largely hinges on the persistence and severity of these symptoms, with a threshold of two weeks being a common timeframe for identification as postpartum depression.

• 5-2. Symptoms and Their Impact on New Mothers

• The symptoms of postpartum depression are diverse and can vary significantly from one individual to another. Common manifestations include persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, anxiety, and irritability. Many women also report an inability to experience joy or pleasure, feelings of worthlessness, and fatigue that surpasses the normal exhaustion of new motherhood. Other symptoms might encompass significant changes in appetite, sleep disturbances, and social withdrawal.

• The impact of postpartum depression on new mothers can be profound. It interferes with the maternal-infant bonding process, as mothers may find it challenging to engage fully with their newborns. This disengagement can lead to inconsistent childcare practices, which may involve disruptions in feeding and sleep routines. Research indicates that untreated postpartum depression can cycle back onto the mother, worsening her condition due to the stress associated with unmet parenting expectations and societal pressures. Furthermore, early signs of cognitive and behavioral issues can appear in children of mothers with untreated PPD, including difficulties with emotional regulation and subsequent developmental challenges.

• 5-3. Biological Contributions and Current Perspectives

• The biological underpinnings of postpartum depression remain a rich area of investigation, as researchers explore the complex interplay of hormonal changes, neurobiological factors, and genetic predispositions. Hormonal fluctuations following childbirth—including rapid decreases in estrogen and progesterone—are significant contributors to mood disturbances. In addition to hormonal shifts, neuroimaging studies have revealed alterations in brain activity among mothers experiencing PPD, particularly showing decreased connectivity between crucial brain regions such as the amygdala and prefrontal cortex.

• The current perspective in treating postpartum depression emphasizes a multi-faceted approach, combining medical, psychological, and social support interventions. Counseling modalities such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) have shown effectiveness, as have pharmaceuticals like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Additionally, there is growing recognition of the value of societal and community support mechanisms in mitigating risk factors. Programs aimed at providing psychosocial support have demonstrated that encouraging a network of assistance can significantly impact the prevalence and severity of postpartum depression.

6. Anorexia Nervosa: The Intersection of Mood and Food

• 6-1. Defining Anorexia Nervosa

• Anorexia nervosa is a serious eating disorder defined by an obsessive fear of weight gain, a distorted body image, and an extreme restriction of food intake. Individuals suffering from this disorder typically exhibit an overwhelming desire to be thin, which is often accompanied by drastic weight loss and severe malnutrition. According to the DSM-5, patients commonly experience a 'disturbance in the way in which one's body weight or shape is experienced, ' leading to behaviors that include severe food restriction and denial of the seriousness of low body weight. Anorexia nervosa manifests most frequently during adolescence, although it can persist into adulthood.

• The disorder can have dire health consequences, resulting in complications such as osteoporosis, infertility, heart damage, and an increased risk of suicide. Anorexia nervosa also encompasses a wide range of physical, cognitive, and behavioral symptoms, including low body mass index (BMI), irregular menstrual cycles, and cognitive dysfunction. The severity of the disorder varies, influencing not only the individual's physical health but also their psychological well-being.

• Treatment for anorexia nervosa often requires a multi-faceted approach that aims not only to restore healthy body weight but also to address the psychological factors contributing to the disorder. Cognitive behavioral therapy is commonly employed to assist patients in developing healthier attitudes towards food and body image. In severe cases, hospital admissions may be required for nutritional rehabilitation.

• 6-2. Psychological and Biological Aspects

• The interplay between psychological factors and biological predispositions is critical in understanding anorexia nervosa. Psychologically, individuals with anorexia may exhibit perfectionism, low self-esteem, and a heightened sensitivity to social pressure regarding body image. These cognitive patterns often create an intense fear of weight gain, driving the individual toward extreme dieting behaviors. Additionally, those with a family history of eating disorders or mood disturbances may have a genetic predisposition that increases their vulnerability to developing anorexia.

• Biologically, anorexia nervosa leads to significant health ramifications due to malnutrition. The physiological consequences can affect nearly every organ system, resulting in conditions such as arrhythmias, hormonal imbalances, and metabolic changes. For instance, a drop in potassium levels, known as hypokalemia, can lead to muscle weakness and irregular heart rhythms, which are commonly observed in those severely underweight due to anorexia. Dysfunction in the body's ability to regulate hunger and fullness, possibly linked to impaired interoceptive awareness—the sense of the internal state of the body—further complicates the clinical picture. Anorexia deprives the body of essential nutrients, affecting cognitive function and emotional regulation, exacerbating the disorder's impact.

• Neurobiological research highlights alterations in brain structures and neurotransmitter systems, particularly those regulating mood and appetite. Dysfunctions in serotonin and dopamine pathways have been implicated in the affective disturbances observed in anorexia. The disorder can further engender maladaptive neural pathways leading to rigid thinking patterns concerning food and body image, perpetuating the cycle of restriction.

• 6-3. The Role of Mood in Eating Disorders

• Mood states profoundly influence eating behaviors in individuals with anorexia nervosa. Depression and anxiety are frequently comorbid with anorexia, creating a complex feedback loop where mood disturbances can exacerbate eating disorder symptoms. Patients may use disordered eating as a maladaptive coping mechanism to manage negative emotions, thus reinforcing their restrictive behaviors. The emotional dysregulation observed in anorexia can lead to increased anxiety about food and eating, which may precipitate further dietary restrictions or compensatory behaviors, such as excessive exercise.

• Moreover, the distorted perception of self that characterizes anorexia can be linked to broader emotional disturbances. Many individuals report feelings of worthlessness and low self-esteem, which may manifest as a preoccupation with weight and body shape. This emotional turmoil not only impairs cognitive function but can also hinder recovery efforts. Thus, mood disorders often complicate the therapeutic process, underscoring the need for an integrated treatment approach that simultaneously addresses both the eating disorder and the associated psychological concerns.

• It is essential to understand that effective treatment for anorexia includes a focus on emotional health. Interventions that promote emotional awareness and regulation can be particularly beneficial, helping patients improve their self-image, reduce anxiety around food, and foster better coping strategies. Multi-disciplinary treatment involving psychological counseling, nutritional support, and medical oversight is crucial for improving recovery prospects and long-term health outcomes.

7. Current Research and Understanding of Mood Disorders

• 7-1. Advancements in Biological Research

• Recent research has significantly enhanced our understanding of mood disorders, particularly through the exploration of genetic, biochemical, and neuroimaging studies. For bipolar disorder, ongoing investigations have highlighted the complexity of its biological underpinnings, with heritability estimated at 79%-93%. This high heritability indicates that genes play a critical role, but the absence of specific causative genes suggests a polygenic model where multiple genes contribute to risk. For instance, genes such as CACNA1C and TRANK1 have been associated with bipolar disorder's development. Neuroimaging studies have revealed abnormalities in critical brain regions, such as the prefrontal cortex and amygdala, suggesting that dysfunction in these areas may disrupt emotional regulation and contribute to mood instability.

• In the realm of depression, research has focused on the neurobiological models that connect neurotransmitter imbalances, particularly involving serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, to mood dysregulation. Studies have demonstrated alterations in neural circuits associated with emotion and reward, notably in regions like the lateral prefrontal cortex and the amygdala. Additionally, inflammatory markers and circadian rhythm disruptions are being increasingly recognized as significant factors in the biological arsenal affecting mood disorders.

• Moreover, advancements in neurogenesis, or the brain's ability to form new neurons, are being examined in the context of depression, with evidence suggesting that the hippocampus may be particularly affected. This indicates a potential pathway through which chronic stress may induce depressive symptoms. The exploration into the genetic and environmental factors that interplay in the prevalence of mood disorders has led to novel insights about epigenetic modifications as response mechanisms to stress.

• 7-2. Interdisciplinary Approaches to Treatment

• Interdisciplinary approaches to treating mood disorders recognize the complexity of these conditions and emphasize the importance of incorporating various therapeutic modalities. Psychopharmacological strategies, primarily involving the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for depression, have shown effectiveness but often vary in responses among individuals. Recent studies suggest combining medication with psychotherapy—such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)—enhances treatment outcomes by addressing both biological and psychological aspects of mood disorders.

• Additionally, integrated care models that involve collaboration between mental health professionals, primary care providers, nutritionists, and social workers have become increasingly prevalent. These models consider the individual as a whole and aim to address not only the mental health needs but also physical health, social support, and lifestyle factors that contribute to mood disorders.

• Innovative treatments such as mindfulness-based therapies and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy have gained empirical support for their effectiveness in improving emotional regulation and decreasing depressive symptoms. Furthermore, research into alternative therapies, including exercise, nutritional interventions, and even light therapy for seasonal affective disorder (SAD), highlights the multifaceted nature of treating mood disorders, paving the way for more personalized treatment plans tailored to individual needs.

• 7-3. Future Directions for Research and Treatment

• Future research directions in mood disorders are increasingly oriented towards personalized medicine, where understanding the unique biological and psychological profile of individuals could lead to more targeted therapies. The integration of genomic studies with neuroimaging is anticipated to unveil more precise biological markers for mood disorders, ultimately allowing for early detection and tailored interventions. Efforts to identify specific genetic variations could illuminate pathways for drug development and improve the efficacy of existing medications.

• Moreover, the investigation into the role of the microbiome in mood disorders is an emerging field that holds promise for future treatment strategies. Alterations in gut microbiota have been correlated with mood dysregulation, and probiotics or dietary modifications could represent new avenues for intervention.

• Research looking into digital interventions—such as smartphone applications and teletherapy—also presents an exciting frontier, particularly in improving access to care and facilitating ongoing support through technology. The potential of machine learning to predict treatment responses and outcomes is an area ripe for exploration, which could revolutionize how mood disorders are managed in clinical settings. The increasing acknowledgment of the societal and environmental factors that influence the onset and course of mood disorders will continue to be a critical focus for researchers aiming to understand and mitigate these conditions effectively.

Conclusion

• The investigations into the biological foundations of mood disorders illuminate their complexity and the pivotal role of biological, psychological, and social interactions. The profound implications these disorders have on individuals’ lives cannot be overstated; they demand a concerted effort in advancing our understanding and treatment approaches. Progress in research is essential not only for effective management but also for enhancing overall mental health awareness across populations.

• Future endeavours should focus on expanding interdisciplinary treatment models that combine psychopharmacology with therapeutic practices, recognizing the multifactorial nature of mood disorders. Personalized treatments tailored to individual profiles—integrating insights from genetic, psychological, and lifestyle factors—are paramount in addressing the comprehensive needs of those affected. As research evolves, exploring new avenues such as the microbiome's role, digital interventions, and personalized medicine promises to reshape the landscape of mental health care dramatically.

• Ultimately, fostering an empathetic understanding of mood disorders, alongside robust support systems, will empower individuals to navigate their challenges effectively. Cultivating public awareness and reducing stigma surrounding mental health issues will be crucial in addressing the societal barriers many face, leading to improved outcomes for those struggling with these complex conditions.

Glossary

• Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) [Concept]: A pervasive mood disorder characterized by a persistent feeling of sadness and a lack of interest or pleasure in activities, significantly impairing daily functioning.

• Bipolar Disorder [Concept]: An affective disorder marked by unpredictable shifts in mood, energy, and activity levels, leading to episodes of mania, hypomania, and depression.

• Neuroimaging Studies [Process]: Research techniques that visualize brain structures and functions, used to understand alterations in brain activity in mood disorders.

• Postpartum Depression (PPD) [Concept]: A significant mood disorder that occurs in some individuals following childbirth, characterized by extreme sadness and anxiety that can impact parental bonding.

• Anorexia Nervosa [Concept]: An eating disorder defined by an obsessive fear of weight gain, a distorted body image, and severe food intake restriction, often leading to serious health complications.

• Polygenic Hypothesis [Concept]: The theory suggesting that multiple genes contribute to the risk of developing bipolar disorder, rather than a single gene being culpable.

• Neurotransmitter Systems [Concept]: Chemical pathways involving neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine that affect mood regulation and behavior.

• Circadian Rhythms [Concept]: The natural, internal processes that regulate the sleep-wake cycle and other biological rhythms, which can influence mood disorders when disrupted.

• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) [Process]: A psychological treatment approach that helps individuals identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors contributing to mood disorders.

• Genomic Regions [Location]: Specific areas of the genome that have been linked to the susceptibility of mood disorders, such as CACNA1C and ODZ4 associated with bipolar risk.

• Monoamine Hypothesis [Concept]: A theory positing that imbalances in monoamine neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine) underlie major depressive disorders.

• Neuroinflammation [Concept]: The inflammatory response within the brain that has been found to be elevated in mood disorders, potentially influencing their onset and progression.

Source Documents

• Biology of bipolar disorder - Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology_of_bipolar_disorder
• Biology of depression - Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology_of_depression
• Postpartum depression - Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_depression
• Anorexia nervosa - Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa